In mountain territories with a high anthropogenic density, competition arises over the different uses of common natural resources (soil, water, forests, etc.). Consequently, they become increasingly vulnerable to private appropriation processes that decrease their meaning as common resources and their social potential (Debarbieux & Price, 2016). On the other side, in depopulated areas, resources can suffer a loss of value (economic, social and cultural), due to lack of preservation and consequent degradation. Therefore, they are exposed to hydrogeological hazards, emphasized by the impacts of climate change. Moreover, the phenomenon of "new mountain dwellers" highlights how access to local resources can be difficult for newly settled people, facing management rules and customs that often tend to preserve the status quo (Membretti & Viazzo, 2017).

Rural common goods in mountain areas specifically suffer the consequences of these trends, as common pool resources in which exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly, and exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others (Ostrom, 1999). Therefore, they are subject to an increasingly relevant participation dilemma for their management and use. Considering that demographic and social trends are modifying the age and cultural composition of the population that inhabits the mountain, it becomes relevant to think about access and decision-making rights over common goods (Viazzo, 2012).

We start from the hypothesis that the management of common goods should take in consideration the changing of societal composition and of climatic conditions, in the perspective to preserve and valorize them in the long term. Similarly, we also hypothesize that rural mountain commons should be managed under sustainability criteria. Such criteria concur to preserve them, valorize them and make them resilient towards new demographic changes and the impact of climate change.

In mountain territories with a high anthropogenic density, competition arises over the different uses of common natural resources (soil, water, forests, etc.). Consequently, they become increasingly vulnerable to private appropriation processes that decrease their meaning as common resources and their social potential (Debarbieux & Price, 2016). On the other side, in depopulated areas, resources can suffer a loss of value (economic, social and cultural), due to lack of preservation and consequent degradation. Therefore, they are exposed to hydrogeological hazards, emphasized by the impacts of climate change. The physical-geographical characteristics of the territories also contribute to determine, on the one hand, the over-exploitation of some resources (watercourses for hydroelectric power, slopes for skiing, etc.) and, on the other hand, their abandonment (isolated pastures and mountain huts, forests far from paved, drivable roads, etc.). The morphological specificities as well as changing resource-dependency attitudes and production practices in the mountain territories strongly influence the level of intensity in use of rural mountain common pool resources. Some examples are the dismissal of the practice of wood making for wood heating, attitude change from hunting for survival to sport and leisure, mountain pasturing from a necessity to a touristic attractiveness (Gri, 2008).

The poster presents different regimes of property and use rights of common pool resources, considering collective property, public ownership, bottom-up participatory action, communitarism Vs. universalism in the access to common goods. It will show the implication that each type of right has facing relevant mountain-specific demographic trends such as the arrival of newcomers (highlanders, migrants), low fertility, aging communities, depopulation and overpopulation of some areas, economic leverages and climate change impacts. Concrete insights are collected starting from an expert workshop that the authors have organized on the status quo in the selected study region of Triveneto (Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli).

Changes occurred in the socio-economic framework since late 1960s have disrupted the multi-centennial balanced models of organisation in mountain communities, leading to a series of problematics in the socio-economical, cultural and environmental spheres. Mountain communities, independent or with the support of local and regional authorities, tried to halt or reverse these processes. In some cases, the effort is not intended only as collective, but either as the sum of different individuals, belonging or related to the community. In fact, processes of social innovation arised sparsely in various alpine territories, and many of them are connected to a novel interest in the primary sector by locals and new residents. The combination of both, but not exclusively, could be considered as generating “New Farming”. Authors present two cases identified in the north eastern part of the Italian Alps, which can be associated to this phenomenon. One have been analysed as external initiative, in the other authors have been involved in supporting the ongoing processes. Among the emerging common elements, it can be identified as multi-functionality, new job opportunities and profiles, larger social effects and the presence of a series of barriers. At present time pathways - actions and projects of social innovation, which are able to anticipate the changes and challenges of the future- seem to be not properly addressed and deserve a major attention.